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The periphrastic third plural is used instead of the forms derived directly from the union of the stem with the ending.

Thus, γεγραμμένοι εἰσί is used for γεγραφ-νται which would become γεγράφαται by 35 b, ν between consonants passing into α. The periphrastic form is also used in verbs adding ς to their stems, as τετελε-ς-μένοι εἰσί for τετελε-ς-νται. Stems in ν that drop ν in the perfect system form their perfect and pluperfect regularly; thus, κρί_νω (κριν-) judge has κέκρινται, ἐκέκριντο.

N.—On the retention of -αται, -ατο see ^cross465 f.

Euphonic Changes.—For the euphonic changes in these forms see ^cross82-87, 103.

a. Labial Stems.—λέλειμ-μαι is for λελειπ-μαι, λέλειφ-θον is for λελειπ-σθον, λέλειφθε is for λελειπ-σθε ( ^cross103). In the same manner are inflected other labial stems, as τρί_βω (τρι_β-) rub, ῥί_πτω (ῥι_π-) throw: τέτρι_μ-μαι for τετρι_β-μαι, τέτρι_ψαι for τετρι_β-σαι, etc. Stems ending in μπ drop π before μ, but retain it before other consonants. Thus,

πεπεμπ-μαι	becomes	πέπεμμαι	πεπεμπ-μεθα	becomes	πεπέμμεθα
πεπεμπ-σαι	“	πέπεμψαι	πεπεμπ-σθε	“	πέπεμφθε ( cross103)
πεπεμπ-ται	“	πέπεμπται

b. Dental Stems.—πέπεις-ται is for πεπειθ-ται ( ^cross83), πέπεις-θον is for πεπειθθον ( ^cross83), πέπεισθε is for πεπειθ- (ς) θε ( ^cross83, ^cross103). The ς thus produced was trans

ferred to the first persons πέπεισμαι, πεπείσμεθα ( ^cross86, ^cross87). Like πέπεισμαι, etc., are formed and inflected ἔψευσμαι from ψεύδω (ψευδ-) deceive, πέφρασμαι from φράζω (φραδ-) declare, ἔσπεισμαι ( ^cross100) from σπένδω (σπενδ-) pour a libation.

Hom. has the original forms πεφραδμένος, κεκορυθμένος.

c. Palatal Stems.—πέπρα_ξαι is for πεπρα_γ-σαι ( ^cross97), πέπρα_κται is for πεπρα_γται ( ^cross82 a), πέπρα_χθε is for πεπρα_γ-σθε ( ^cross103). Like πέπρα_γμαι are inflected πλέκω (πλεκ-) weave πέπλεγ-μαι, ἄγω (ἀγ-) lead ἦγμαι, ἀλλάττω (ἀλλαγ-) exchange ἤλλαγμαι, ταράττω (ταραχ-) confuse τετάραγμαι. Stems in -γχ change χ before μ to γ and drop one γ (as in ἐλήλεγ-μαι for ἐληλεγγ-μαι, 85 and 85 b), but keep the second palatal before other consonants (as in ἐλήλεγξαι for ἐληλεγχ-σαι, 97; ἐλήλεγκ-ται for ἐληλεγχ-ται, ^cross82). On the reduplication see ^cross446.

d. Liquid and Nasal Stems.—Stems in λ or ρ are inflected like ἤγγελμαι, as στέλλω (στελ-, σταλ-) send ἔσταλμαι, αἴρω (ἀρ-) raise ἦρμαι, ἐγείρω (ἐγερ-) wake ἐγήγερμαι ( ^cross446). Stems in ν retaining the nasal are inflected like πέφασμαι, as σημαίνω (σημαν-) signify σεσήμασμαι. (For -σμαι see ^cross94 a and b.) Stems in ν dropping the nasal ( ^cross559 a) are inflected like λέλυμαι, as κρί_νω (κριν-) judge κέκριμαι.

e. Vowel Stems adding ς.—Here the stem ends in a vowel except before μ and τ; thus, τετέλε-σαι, τετέλε-σθον, τετέλε-σθε: but τετέλε-ς-μαι, τετελέ-ς-μεθα, τετέλε-ς-ται.

N.—Since the stem of τελέω is properly τελες- (τελες-yω, ^cross624), the original inflection is τετελες-σαι, whence τετέλε-σαι ( ^cross107); τετέλες-ται; τετελες-σθον, τετελες-σθε, whence τετέλεσθον, τετέλεσθε ( ^cross103). τετέλεσμαι and τετελέσμεθα are due to the analogy of the other forms.

The forms πέφανσαι, ἐπέφανσο, and πέφανσο are not attested. Cp. ^cross707 a.

The principal parts of the verbs in 406-407 are as follows:

ἀγγέλλω announce (ἀγγελ-), ἀγγελῶ, ἤγγειλα, ἤγγελκα, ἤγγελμαι, ἠγγέλθην.

γράφω write (γραφ-), γράψω, ἔγραψα, γέγραφα, γέγραμμαι, 2 aor. pass. ἐγράφην.

ἐλέγχω confute (ἐλεγχ-), ἐλέγξω, ἤλεγξα, ἐλήλεγμαι, ἠλέγχθην.

λείπω leave (λιπ-, λειπ-, λοιπ-), λείψω, 2 perf. λέλοιπα, λέλειμμαι, ἐλείφθην, 2 a. ἔλιπον.

πείθω persuade (πιθ-, πειθ-, ποιθ-), πείσω, ἔπεισα, 1 perf. πέπεικα I have persuaded, 2 perf. πέποιθα I trust, πέπεισμαι, ἐπείσθην.

πρά_ττω do (πρα_γ-), πρά_ξω, ἐπρα_ξα, 2 perf. πέπρα_γα I have fared and I have done, πέπρα_γμαι, ἐπρά_χθην.

τελέω finish (τελε-ς-), τελῶ, ἐτέλεσα, τετέλεκα, τετέλεσμαι, ἐτελέσθην.

φαίνω show (φαν-), φανῶ, ἔφηνα, 1 perf. πέφαγκα I have shown, 2 perf. πέφηνα I have appeared, πέφασμαι, ἐφάνθην I was shown, 2 aor. pass. ἐφάνην I appeared.