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εἰμί (ἐς-, cp. Lat. es-se) am has only the present and future systems.

	PRESENT			IMPERFECT
Indicative	Subjunctive	Optative	Imperative	Indicative
Sing. 1 εἰμί	ὦ	εἴην		ἦ or ἦν
2 εἶ	ᾖς	εἴης	ἴσθι	ἦσθα
3 ἐστί	ᾖ	εἴη	ἔστω	ἦν
Dual 2 ἐστόν	ἦτον	εἴητον or εἶτον	ἔστον	ἤστον
3 ἐστόν	ἦτον	εἰήτην or εἴτην	ἔστων	ἤστην
Plur. 1 ἐσμέν	ὦμεν	εἴημεν or εἶμεν		ἦμεν
2 ἐστέ	ἦτε	εἴητε or εἶτε	ἔστε	ἦτε or ἦστε (rare)
3 εἰσί	ὦσι	εἴησαν or εἶεν	ἔστων	ἦσαν

Infin. εἶναι Participle ὤν, οὖσα, ὄν, gen. ὄντος, οὔσης, ὄντος, etc. ( ^cross305)

FUTURE (with middle forms):

ἔσομαι, ἔσῃ (or ἔσει), ἔσται, ἔσεσθον, ἔσεσθον, ἐσόμεθα, ἔσεσθε, ἔσονται, opt. ἐσοίμην, inf. ἔσεσθαι, part. ἐσόμενος, -η, -ον.

a. The imperative 3 pl. ἔστωσαν occurs in Plato and Demosthenes; ὄντων in Plato and on inscriptions.

b. In composition ὤν retains its accent, as ἀπών, ἀποῦσα, ἀπόντος, etc.; and so ἔσται, as ἀπέσται ( ^cross426 e).

1. Homer has the following forms:

Pres. ind. 2 sing. ἐσσί and εἶς, 1 pl. εἰμέν, 3 pl. (εἰσί, and) ἔα_σι not enclitic.

Imperf. ἦα, ἔα, ἔον, 2 sing. ἦσθα, ἔησθα, 3 sing. ἦεν, ἔην, ἤην, ἦν (rare), 3 pl. ἦσαν, ἔσαν; iterative ( ^cross495) ἔσκον (for ἐς-σκον).

Subj. ἔω, ἔῃς, 3 sing. ἔῃ, ἔῃσι, ᾖσι, 3 pl. ἔωσι (twice ὦσι); μέτειμι has 1 sing. μετέω, and μετείω (with metrical lengthening).

Opt. εἴην, etc., also ἔοις, ἔοι; Imper. 2 sing. ἔς-σο (middle form), ἔστω, 3 pl. ἔστων.

Inf. εἶναι and ἔμμεναι (for ἐς-μεναι), ἔμμεν, also ἔμεναι, ἔμεν.

Part. ἐών, ἐοῦσα, ἐόν, etc., rarely the Attic forms.

Fut. often with σς: ἔσσομαι and ἔσομαι; 3 sing. ἔσεται, ἔσται, ἔσσεται, also ἐσσεῖται (as in Dor.), ἔσσεσθαι, ἐσσόμενος.

2. Herodotus has pres, ind. 2 sing. εἶς, 1 pl. εἰμέν; imperf., the Attic forms and ἔα, 2 sing. ἔας, 2 pl. ἔατε; iterative ἔσκον; subj. ἔω, ἔωσι; opt. once ἐν-έοι, εἴησαν, less freq. εἶεν; part. ἐών.

3. Dor. pres. ind. 1 sing. ἠμί and εἰμί, 2 sing. ἐσσί, 1 pl. ἠμές and εἰμές (Pind. εἰμέν), 3 pl. ἐντί; imperf. 3 sing. ἦς (for ἠς-τ), 1 pl. ἦμες, 3 pl. ἦσαν and ἦν; inf. ἦμεν, εἶμεν; part. ἐών and fem. ἔασσα, pl. ἔντες. Fut. ἐσσεῦμαι, -ῇ, -ῆται or -εῖται, ἐσσοῦνται ( ^cross540 D.).

4. Aeolic ἔμμι out of ἐσμι; imper. ἔσσο, part. ἔων, ἔσσα (Sappho); imperf. ἔον.

The optative forms εἴημεν, εἴητε, εἴησαν are found only in prose writers. εἶμεν occurs in poetry and Plato, εἶτε only in poetry, εἶεν in poetry and prose and more frequently than εἴησαν.

The indicative εἰμί is for *ἐς-μι ( ^cross37); εἶ is for *ἐσι (originally ἐς-σί, 463 b); ἐς-τί retains the original ending τι; εἰσί is for (ς-) εντι, cp. Lat. sunt; ἐσμέν, with ς before μ despite 105; the ς is due to the influence of ἐστέ. The subjunctive ὦ is for ἔω, from ἐς-ω; the optative εἴην is for ἐς-ιη-ν; εἶμεν for ἐς-ι_μεν, cp. Lat. sĩmus. The infinitive εἶναι is for ἐς-ναι; the participle ὤν is for ἐών, from ἐς-ων.

Old Attic ἦ is from ἦα (Hom.) = ἠς, i.e. ἐς- augmented + the secondary ending μ, which becomes α by 35 c. ἦς for ἦσθα is rare. The 3 pl. was originally ἦν, contracted from ἦεν (Hom.); this ἦν came to be used as 3 sing. By analogy to ἦμεν ἦστε the 1 sing. ἦν was formed.

Inflected according to the ω-conjugation are the subjunctive, the participle ὤν, and several dialect forms.

εἶμι (ἰ-, εἰ-; cp. Lat. ι_-ρε) go has only the present system.

		PRESENT		IMPERFECT
Indicative	Subjunctive	Optative	Imperative	Indicative
Sing. 1 εἶμι	ἴω	ἴοιμι or ἰοίην		ᾖα or ᾔειν
2 εἶ	ἴῃς	ἴοις	ἴθι	ᾔεισθα or ᾔεις
3 εἶσι	ἴῃ	ἴοι	ἴτω	ᾔειν or ᾔει
Dual 2 ἴτον	ἴητον	ἴοιτον	ἴτον	ᾖτον
3 ἴτον	ἴητον	ἰοίτην	ἴτων	ᾔτην
Plur. 1 ἴμεν	ἴωμεν	ἴοιμεν		ᾖμεν
2 ἴτε	ἴητε	ἴοιτε	ἴτε	ᾖτε
3 ἴα_σι	ἴωσι	ἴοιεν	ἰόντων	ᾖσαν or ᾔεσαν

Infinitive: ἰέναι. Participle: ἰών, ἰοῦσα, ἰόν, gen. ἰόντος, ἰούσης, ἰόντος, etc.

Verbal Adjectives: ἰτός (poet.), ἰτέος, ἰτητέος.

a. The imperative 3 pl. ἴτωσαν occurs rarely in Xenophon and Plato.

b. The participle ἰών is accented like a second aorist. The accent of the simple form of participle and infinitive is kept in composition, as παριών, παριοῦσα, ἀπιέναι. Otherwise the compounds have recessive accent so far as the rules allow: πάρειμι, ἄπεισι, but ἀπῇα, προσῇμεν.

Hom. has 2 sing. εἶσθα (Hesiod εἶς); subj. ἴῃσθα and ἴῃς, ἴῃσιν and ἴῃ, ἴομεν and ἴ_ομεν; opt. ἰείη and ἴοι; infin. ἴμεναι, ἴμεν, and ἰέναι (twice). Imperf.: 1 sing. ἤϊα, ἀνήϊον, 3 sing. ἤϊε, ᾖε, ᾔει (at the verse-end, ᾖε?), ἴε; dual ἴτην, pl. ᾔομεν, ἤϊσαν, ἐπῇσαν, ἴσαν, ἤϊον. For ἤϊα, ἤϊε, ἤϊσαν some write ᾔεα, ᾔεε, ᾔεσαν. Future: εἴσομαι Ω 462, ο 213. ϝείσομαι Ξ 8 and ϝείσατο, ἐϝείσατο probably come from ϝί_εμαι strive ( ^cross778).

Hdt.: ἤϊα, ἤϊε, ἤϊσαν (Mss.), but ῃ for ηι is correct.

εἶμι in the indicative present means I shall go, I am going. See ^cross1880. For I go ἔρχομαι is used in the present indicative, but not (in prose) in the imperfect, or in the other moods. The scheme of moods and tenses is as follows: Present: indic. ἔρχομαι, subj. ἴω, opt. ἴοιμι or ἰοίην, imper. ἴθι, inf. ἰέναι, part. ἰών. Imperfect: ᾖα. Future: εἶμι, ἐλευσοίμην, ἐλεύσεσθαι, ἐλευσόμενος.

In the imperfect the older prose writers usually have ᾖα, ᾔεισθα, ᾔει-ν, the later have ᾔειν, ᾔεις, ᾔει. The plural forms ᾔειμεν and ᾔειτε are not classical. Prose writers seem to prefer ᾔεσαν to ᾖσαν. The ῃ here is the stem ει augmented.

The part., the subjv., and the opt. are inflected with the thematic vowel; and so also some of the dialectical forms.

ἵ_ημι (ἑ-, ἡ-) send is inflected nearly like τίθημι (p. ^cross135). The inflection of the present and second aorist systems is as follows:

	ACTIVE		MIDDLE (PASSIVE) MIDDLE
	INDICATIVE			INDICATIVE
Pres.	Imperf.	Second Aor.	Pres.	Imperf.	Second Aor.
S. 1 ἵ_ημι	ἵ_ην	(ἧκα)	ἵ_εμαι	ἱ_έμην	—εἵμην
2 ἵ_ης, ἱ_εῖς ( cross746 b)	ἵ_εις ( cross746 b)	(ἧκας)	ἵ_εσαι ( cross465 a)	ἵ_εσο	—εἷσο
3 ἵ_ησι	ἵ_ει	(ἧκε)	ἵ_εται	ἵ_ετο	—εἷτο
D. 2 ἵ_ετον	ἵ_ετον	—εἷτον	ἵ_εσθον	ἵ_εσθον	—εἷσθον
3. ἵ_ετον	ἱ_έτην	—εἵτην	ἵ_εσθον	ἱ_έσθην	—εἵσθην
P. 1 ἵ_εμεν	ἵ_εμεν	—εἷμεν	ἱ_έμεθα	ἱ_έμεθα	—εἵμεθα
2 ἵ_ετε	ἵ_ετε	—εἷτε	ἵ_εσθε	ἵ_εσθε	—εἷσθε
3 ἱ_ᾶσι ( cross463 d)	ἵ_εσαν	—εἷσαν	ἵ_ενται	ἵ_εντο	—εἷντο

SUBJUNCTIVE

S. 1 ἱ_ῶ	—ὧ	ἱ_ῶμαι	—ὧμαι
2 ἱ_ῇς	—ᾗς	ἱ_ῇ	—ᾗ
3 ἱ_ῇ	—ᾗ	ἱ_ῆται	—ἧται
D. 2 ἱ_ῆτον	— ἧτον	ἱ_ῆσθον	—ἧσθον
3 ἱ_ῆτον	—ἧτον	ἱ_ῆσθον	—ἧσθον
P. 1 ἱ_ῶμεν	—ὧμεν	ἱ_ώμεθα	—ὥμεθα
2 ἱ_ῆτε	—ἧτε	ἱ_ῆσθε	—ἧσθε
3 ἱ_ῶσι	—ὧσι	ἱ_ῶνται	—ὧνται

OPTATIVE

-- 214 --

S 1 ἱ_είην	—εἵην	ἱ_είμην	—εἵμην ( cross758 c)
2 ἱ_είης	—εἵης	ἱ_εῖο	—εἷο
3 ἱ_είη	—εἵη	ἱ_εῖτο	—εἷτο
			(—οἷτο)
D. 2 ἱ_εῖτον or	—εἷτον or	ἱ_εῖσθον	—εἷσθον
ἱ_είητον	—εἵητον
3 ἱ_είτην or	—εἵτην or	ἱ_είσθην	—εἵσθην
ἱ_ειήτην	—εἱήτην
P. 1 ἱ_εῖμεν or	—εἷμεν or	ἱ_είμεθα	—εἵμεθα
ἱ_είημεν	—εἵημεν		(—οἵμεθα)
2 ἱ_εῖτε or	—εἷτε or	ἱ_εῖσθε	—εἷσθε
ἱ_είητε	—εἵητε		(—οἷσθε)
3 ἱ_εῖεν or	—εἷεν or	ἱ_εῖντο	—εἷντο
ἱ_είησαν	—εἵησαν		(—οἷντο)
IMPERATIVE
S. 2 ἵ_ει ( cross746 b)	—ἕς	ἵ_εσο	—οὗ
3 ἱ_έτω	—ἕτω	ἱ_έσθω	—ἕσθω
D. 2 ἵ_ετον	—ἕτον	ἵ_εσθον	—ἕσθον
3 ἱ_έτων	—ἕτων	ἱ_έσθων	—ἕσθων
P. 2 ἵ_ετε	—ἕτε	ἵ_εσθε	—ἕσθε
3 ἱ_έντων ( cross466. 2, b)	—ἕντων	ἱ_έσθων ( cross466. 2, b)	—ἕσθων

INFINITIVE
ἱ_έναι	—εἷναι	ἵ_εσθαι	—ἕσθαι

PARTICIPLE

ἱ_είς, ἱ_εῖσα, ἱ_έν

—εἵς, —εἷσα, —ἕν

ἱ_έμενος

—ἕμενος

Future: —ἥσω in prose only in composition; —ἥσομαι only in composition.

First Aorist: ἧκα in prose usually in comp., — ἡκάμην; both only in the indic.

Perfect Active: —εἷκα only in composition.

Perfect Middle (Passive): —εἷμαι (plup. —εἵμην), —εἵσθω, —εἷσθαι, —εἱμένος, only in composition.

Aorist Passive: —εἵθην, —ἑθῶ, —ἑθῆναι, —ἑθείς, only in composition.

Future Passive: —ἑθήσομαι, only in composition.

Verbal Adjectives: —ἑτός, —ἑτέος, only in composition.

1. In Hom. ἵημι usually has the initial ι short. Present: -ἱεῖς, ἵησι and -ἱεῖ, ἱεῖσι from ἱε-ντι, inf. ἱέμεναι and -ἱέμεν. Imperf.: -ἵειν, -ἵεις, -ἵει, 3 pl. ἵεν. Future: ἥσω, once ἀν-έσει. First Aorist: ἧκα and ἕηκα, ἐνήκαμεν once, ἧκαν once. Second Aorist: for the augmented εἱ-forms Hom. has usually the unaugmented ἑ-; as ἕσαν, ἕντο. In the subjunctive μεθείω, μεθήῃ, ἀφέῃ, μεθῶμεν.

2. Hdt. has -ἱεῖ (accented -ἵει), ἱεῖσι, imperf. -ἵ_ει, perf. ἀνέωνται for ἀνεῖνται, part. με-μετ-ι-μένος for μεθειμένος.

3. Dor. has perf. ἕωκα, ἕωμαι.

Since ἵημι is reduplicated (probably for σι-ση-μι) the initial ι should be short, as it is in Hom. (rarely in Attic poetry). ι_ is probably due to confusion with the ι_ of Hom. ἵ_εμαι (ϝί_εμαι) strive, a meaning that ἵεμαι occasionally shows in Attic. ἵεμαι meaning hasten occurs only in the present and imperfect.

ει is for ε ε in the second aorist active (ἐ-ἑ-μεν εἷμεν), perfect active (ἑ-ἑ-κα εἷκα), perfect middle (ἑ-ἑ-μαι εἷμαι), second aorist passive (ε' ἑ-θην εἵθην). In the aorists ε' is the augment, in the perfects the first ἑ is the reduplication of the weak stem ἑ-. The first aorist ἧ-κα has the strong stem form. Present subj. ἱ_ῶ, ἱ_ῇς, etc., are for ἱ_ἑω, ἱ_ἑῃς, etc.; aor. subj. -ὧ, -ᾗς, etc., are for -ἕ-ω, -ἕ-ῃς, etc.

Much confusion exists in the Mss. as regards the accentuation. Thus for ἱ_εῖς we find ἵεις, and in Hom. προΐει (present), as if from ἵω. See ^cross746 c.

For ἀφί_οιτε, ἀφί_οιεν and προοῖτο, προοῖσθε, προοῖντο (also accented πρόοιτο, etc.) see ^cross746 c.

The imperfect of ἀφί_ημι is either ἀφί_ην or ἠφί_ην ( ^cross450).

φημί (φα-, φη-, cp. Lat. fā-ri) say, say yes , or assent is inflected in the present as follows:

		PRESENT		IMPERFECT
Indic.	Subj.	Opt.	Imper.
Sing. 1 φημί	φῶ	φαίην		ἔφην
2 φῄς	φῇς	φαίης	φαθί or φάθι	ἔφησθα or ἔφης
3 φησί	φῇ	φαίη	φάτω	ἔφη
Dual 2 φατόν	φῆτον	not found	φάτον	ἔφατον
3 φατόν	φῆτον	not found	φάτων	ἐφάτην
Plur. 1 φαμέν	φῶμεν	φαῖμεν or φαίημεν		ἔφαμεν
2 φατέ	φῆτε	φαίητε	φάτε	ἔφατε
3 φα_σί	φῶσι	φαῖεν or φαίησαν	φάντων	ἔφασαν

Infin.: φάναι; Partic.: poet. φά_ς, φᾶσα, φάν (Attic prose φάσκων); Verbal Adj.: φατός (poet.), φατέος.

Future: φήσω, φήσειν, φήσων.

First Aorist: ἔφησα, φήσω, φήσαιμι, —, φῆσαι, φήσα_ς.

Perf. Pass. Imper.: πεφάσθω let it be said.

1. Hom. has φῇσθα for φῄς; subj. φήῃ and φῇσι ( ^cross463 c. D) for φῇ; imperf. ἔφην, φῆν, ἔφησθα, φῆσθα, ἔφης, φῆς, 3 s. ἔφην, rarely φῆ, 1 pl. φαμέν, 3 pl. ἔφασαν, φάσαν, ἔφαν, φάν.

2. Doric φα_μί, φα_τί, φαντί; imperf. ἔφα_, φᾶ; inf. φάμεν; fut. φά_σω, φά_σομαι; aor. ἔφα_σα.

3. Aeolic φᾶμι or φαῖμι, φαῖσθα, 3 s. φαῖσι, 3 pl. φαῖσι.

All the forms of the present indicative except φῄς are enclitic ( ^cross181 c). —In composition σύμφημι, σύμφῃς (but the Mss. often have συμφῄς and συμφῇς), συμφῶ, σύμφαθι.

In the optative φαῖτε does not occur, perhaps by chance ( ^cross461, ^cross683 a). φαῖμεν, φαῖεν are ordinary Attic; φαίημεν, φαίησαν are rare.

Middle forms in present, imperfect, and future are dialectic.

Middle forms of φημί are rare or unknown in Attic (Plato has perf. imper. πεφάσθω), but common in other dialects; yet the pres. indicative middle is rare. Hom. has imperf. ἐφάμην, ἔφατο or φάτο, etc., imper. φάο, φάσθω, etc., inf. φάσθαι (and in choral poetry), part. φάμενος (also in Hdt.). These middle forms are active in meaning.

οὔ φημι means refuse (Lat. nego). In the meaning assert, φάσκω is commonly used outside of the indicative. In the meaning say often, φάσκω is used. ἔφησα and φήσω are aor. and fut. in the meanings say yes and assent. ἔφην, ἔφη (and φάναι) often correspond to Lat. inquam, inquit.

ἔφην and φῶ, φαίην may have an aoristic force. ἔφην and poet. ἐφάμην are both imperfect and second aorist.

ἧμαι (ἡς-) sit is inflected only in the present system. The ς of the verb-stem appears only before -ται, -το.

	PRESENT		IMPERATIVE		IMPERFECT
ἧμαι		ἥμεθα		ἥμην		ἥμεθα
ἧσαι	ἧσθον	ἧσθε	ἧσο	ἧσο	ἧσθον	ἧσθε
ἧσται	ἧσθον	ἧνται	ἥσθω, etc.	ἧστο	ἥσθην	ἧντο

The subjunctive and optative are wanting; present infinitive ἧσθαι; participle ἥμενος.

a. Uncompounded ἧμαι occurs only in Epic, tragedy, and Herodotus. The missing tenses are supplied by ἕζομαι, ἵζω and ἵζομαι.

Hom. has εἵαται, and ἕαται (twice), εἵατο, and ἕατο once (once ἧντο). ἡ- is probably the correct spelling for εἱ-.

In place of ἧμαι we find usually κάθ-ημαι in Attic prose and comedy. κάθημαι sometimes is perfect in meaning (I have sat, I have been seated). The ς of the verb-stem does not appear except before -το.

	PRESENT			IMPERFECT
Indicative	Subjunctive	Optative	Imperative	Indicative
S. 1 κάθημαι	καθῶμαι	καθοίμην		ἐκαθήμην ( cross450)	or καθήμην
2 κάθησαι	καθῇ	καθοῖο	κάθησο	ἐκάθησο	καθῆσο
3 κάθηται	καθῆται	καθοῖτο	καθήσθω	ἐκάθητο	καθῆστο or
					καθῆτο
D. 2 κάθησθον	καθῆσθον	καθοῖσθον	κάθησθον	ἐκάθησθον	καθῆσθον
3 κάθησθον	καθῆσθον	καθοίσθην	καθήσθων	ἐκαθήσθην	καθήσθην
P. 1 καθήμεθα	καθώμεθα	καθοίμεθα		ἐκαθήμεθα	καθήμεθα
2 κάθησθε	καθῆσθε	καθοῖσθε	κάθησθε	ἐκάθησθε	καθῆσθε
3 κάθηνται	καθῶνται	καθοῖντο	καθήσθων	ἐκάθηντο	καθῆντο

Infinitive: καθῆσθαι; Participle: καθήμενος.

a. The imperative has κάθου in comedy for κάθησο. In the imperfect ἐκαθήμην is used about as often as καθήμην.

b. The missing tenses are supplied by καθέζομαι, καθίζω, καθίζομαι.

Hom. has 3 pl. καθείατο (καθήατο?). Hdt. has κατέαται, κατέατο; καθῆστο not καθῆτο.

κεῖμαι (κει-) lie, am laid, regularly used in the present and imperfect instead of the perfect and pluperfect passive of τίθημι place.

		PRESENT		IMPERFECT
Indic.	Subj.	Opt.	Imper.	Indic.
Sing. 1 κεῖμαι				ἐκείμην
2 κεῖσαι			κεῖσο	ἔκεισο
3 κεῖται	κέηται	κέοιτο	κείσθω	ἔκειτο
Dual 2 κεῖσθον			κεῖσθον	ἔκεισθον
3 κεῖσθον			κείσθων	ἐκείσθην
Plur. 1 κείμεθα				ἐκείμεθα
2 κεῖσθε	(δια) κέησθε		κεῖσθε	ἔκεισθε
3 κεῖνται	(κατα) κέωνται	(προς) κέοιντο	κείσθων	ἔκειντο

Infinitive: κεῖσθαι; Participle: κείμενος.

Future: κείσομαι, κείσῃ or κείσει, κείσεται, etc.

a. In the subjunctive and optative κει- becomes κε- before a vowel ( ^cross43).

b. Compounds have recessive accent in the present indicative and imperative: παράκειμαι, παράκεισο, but παρακεῖσθαι.

Hom. has 3 pl. pres. κείαται, κέαται, κέονται; imperf. κεῖντο, κείατο, κέατο, iter. κέσκετο; subj. κῆται, and κεῖται for χε (y) -ε-ται; fut. κείσομαι.

Hdt. has 3 sing. pres. κέεται and κεῖται, 3 pl. κέαται; imperf. ἔκειτο, pl. ἐκέατο.

ἠ-μί (cp. Lat. a-io) say occurs only in the present and imperfect 1 and 3 sing., and is used in parentheses (as Lat. inquam, inquit).

Forms: ἠμί, ἠσί; ἦν, ἦ. Examples: παῖ, ἠμί, παῖ boy, I say, boy! (emphatic repetition). ἦν δ' ἐγώ said I, ἦ δ' ὅς said he ( ^cross1113).

Hom has ἦ, Doric ἠτί, Aeolic ἦσι.

χρή it is necessary is really an indeclinable substantive meaning necessity with the verb understood. In the present indicative ἐστί is to be supplied. Elsewhere χρή unites with the form of the verb to be supplied; as subj. χρῇ (χρὴ ᾖ), opt. χρείη (χρὴ εἴη), inf. χρῆναι (χρὴ εἶναι), part. indeclinable χρεών (χρὴ ὄν); imperf. χρῆν (χρὴ ἦν), and less commonly ἐχρῆν with an augment because the composite character of χρῆν was forgotten, fut. χρῆσται (χρὴ ἔσται).

a. ἀπόχρη it suffices has pl. ἀποχρῶσι, part. ἀποχρῶν, -χρῶσα, -χρῶν, imperf. ἀπέχρη, fut. ἀποχρήσει, aor. ἀπέχρησε.

Hdt. has χρή, χρῆν, χρῆναι, but ἀπροχρᾷ, ἀποχρᾶν.

οἶδα (ἰδ, εἰδ-ε, οἰδ- originally with ϝ; cp. Lat. video) know is a second perfect with the meaning of a present, and formed without reduplication. The second perfect and second pluperfect are inflected as follows:

		SECOND PERFECT			SECOND PLUPERFECT
Indic.	Subj.	Opt.		Imper.		Indic.
Sing. 1 οἶδα	εἰδῶ	εἰδείην			ᾔδη	or ᾔδειν
2 οἶσθα	εἰδῇς	εἰδείης		ἴσθι	ᾔδησθα	or ᾔδεις
3 οἶδε	εἰδῇ	εἰδείη		ἴστω	ᾔδει (ν)
Dual 2 ἴστον	εἰδῆτον	εἰδεῖτον		ἴστον	ᾖστον
3 ἴστον	εἰδῆτον	εἰδείτην		ἴστων	ᾔστην
Plur. 1 ἴσμεν	εἰδῶμεν	εἰδεῖμεν	or εἰδείημεν		ᾖσμεν	or ᾔδεμεν
2 ἴστε	εἰδῆτε	εἰδεῖτε	εἰδείητε	ἴστε	ᾖστε	ᾔδετε
3 ἴσα_σι	εἰδῶσι	εἰδεῖεν	εἰδείησαν	ἴστων	ᾖσαν	ᾔδεσαν

Infinitive εἰδέναι; Participle εἰδώς, εἰδυῖα, εἰδός ( ^cross309); Verbal Adj. ἰστέος; Future εἴσομαι. Compound σύνοιδα am conscious of.

1. Hom. has οἶδας α 337, ἴδμεν, ἴσα_σι (ἴσσα_σι for ἴ_σα_σι I ^cross36); subj. εἰδέω π 236 and ἰδέω (? Ξ ^cross235), εἴδομεν and εἴδετε with short thematic vowels; inf. ἴδμεναι, ἴδμεν; part. εἰδυῖα and ἰδυῖα. Pluperf. ᾔδεα, ᾔδησθα τ 93, ἠείδεις (-ης?) X 280 with η as augment ( ^cross433), ᾔδη, ᾔδεε, ἠείδει ι 206, 3 pl. ἴσαν for ἰδ-σαν. Fut. εἴσομαι, inf. εἰδησέμεν and -σειν.

2. Hdt. has οἶδας, ἴδμεν and οἴδαμεν (rarely), οἴδα_σι, subj. εἰδέω, plup. ᾔδεα, ᾔδεε (ᾔδει?), -ᾐδέατε, ᾔδεσαν, fut. εἰδήσω.

3. Dor. has ἴσα_μι (pl. ἴσαμεν, ἴσαντι) and οἶδα. Boeotian has ἴττω for ἴστω. Aeolic has ϝοίδημι and οἶδα.

The verb-stem has the meaning find out; hence the perfect οἶδα means I have found out and hence I know.

In Ionic and late Greek we find οἶδας, οἴδαμεν, etc. These forms are rare in Attic. οἶσθας occurs in comedy.

In the optative dual and plural prose writers have either the shorter or the longer forms; the poets only the shorter forms.

Pluperfect ᾔδειν, ᾔδεις occur in later Attic (Demosthenes), but are suspicious in earlier writers. ᾔδεισθα occurs in the best Mss. of Plato and elsewhere, but it is less correct Attic. ᾔδης is incorrect. ᾔδει is rare. ᾖστον, ᾔστην are almost entirely poetic. In the plural ᾔδειμεν, ᾔδειτε, ᾔδεισαν are post-classical. ᾔδεμεν, ᾔδετε occur rarely in the Attic poets.

οἶσθα is from οἰδ θα; ἴστε from ἰδ τε; ἴσθι from ἰδ θι ( ^cross83). ἴσμεν (older ἴδμεν) gets its ς from ἴστε ( ^cross87). ἴσα_σι is from ἰδ σαντι, with ς from (Hom.) ἴσαν ἰδ-σαν with the ending -σαν (cp. εἴξα_σι 704 d). ᾔδη is for ἠ-είδη with η as augment ( ^cross433).