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Numerous changes occur before the semivowel y (= y, ^cross20) before a vowel. This y is often indicated by the sign y. In 110-117 (except in ^cross115) y is = y.

λy becomes λλ: ἄλλος for ἀλιος Lat. alius, ἅλλομαι for ἁλyομαι Lat. salio, φύλλον for φυλyον Lat. folium.

After αν, ον, αρ, ορ, y is shifted to the preceding syllable, forming αιν, οιν, αιρ, οιρ. This is called Epenthesis (ἐπένθεσις insertion).

φαίνω show for φαν-yω, μέλαινα black for μελαν-yα, σπαίρω gasp for σπαρ-yω, μοῖρα fate for μορ-yα. (So κλαίω weep for κλαϝ-yω 38 a.) On ι after εν, ερ, ιν, ιρ, υν, υρ, see ^cross37 a.

κy, χy become ττ (= σς ^cross78): φυλάττω guard for φυλακ-yω (cp. φυλακή guard), ταράττω disturb for ταραχ-yω (cp. ταραχή disorder).

(I) τy, θy after long vowels, diphthongs, and consonants become ς; after short vowels τy, θy become σς (not = ττ ^cross78), which is simplified to ς.

αἶσα fate from αἰτ-yα, πᾶσα all from παντ-yα, μέσος middle (Hom. μέσσος) from μεθ-yος (cp. Lat. med-ius), τόσος so great (Hom. τόσσος) from τοτ-yος (cp. Lat. toti-dem).

a. In the above cases τy passed into τς. Thus παντ-yα, παντσα, πανσσα, πάνσα (Cretan, Thessalian), πᾶσα ( ^cross37 D. 3).

(II) τy, θy become ττ (= σς ^cross78): μέλιττα bee from μελιτ-ια (cp. μέλι, -ιτος honey), κορύττω equip from κορυθ-yω (cp. κόρυς, -υθος helmet).

a. χαρίεσσα graceful and other feminine adjectives in -εσσα are poetical, and therefore do not assume the native Attic prose form in ττ. But see ^cross299 c.

b. ττ from τy, θy is due to analogy, chiefly of ττ from κy.

τ before final ι often becomes ς. Thus, τίθησι places for τίθητι; also in πλούσιος rich for πλουτ-ιος (cp. πλοῦτος wealth).

a. ντ before final ι becomes νς, which drops ν: ἔχουσι they have for ἔχοντι ( ^cross37).

Ioric often retains τ (τίθητι, ἔχοντι). σέ is not from (Dor.) τέ (cp. Lat. te), no is σοί from τοί.

δy between vowels and γy after a vowel form ζ: thus, ἐλπίζω hope for ἐλπιδ-yω, πεζός on foot for πεδ-yος (cp. πεδ-ίο-ν ground), ἁρπάζω seize for ἁρπαγ-yω (cp. ἅρπαξ rapacious). After a consonant γy forms δ: ἔρδω work from ἐργ-yω.

πy becomes πτ, as in χαλέπτω oppress from χαλεπ-yω. ρεγλιδε becomes ρρ in Βορρᾶς from Βορέα_ς Boreas. Here ε was sounded nearly like y ( ^cross44, ^cross61 a).

The spirant ς with a vowel before or after it is often lost. Its former presence is known by earlier Greek forms or from the cognate languages.

Initial ς before a vowel becomes the rough breathing.

ἑπτά seven, Lat. septem; ἥμισυς half, Lat. semi-; ἵστημι put for σι-στη-μι, Lat. si-st-o; εἱπόμην I followed from ἐ-σεπ-ο-μην, Lat. sequor.

a. When retained, this ς is due to phonetic change (as σύν for ξύν, σι_γή silence for ςwι_γη Grm. schweigen), or to analogy. On the loss of ( see ^cross125 e.

Between vowels ς is dropped.

γένους of a race from γενε (ς) -ος, Lat. gener-is, λύ_ει thou loosest from λύ_ῃ for λυ_ε- (ς) αι, ἐλύ_ου from ἐλυ_ε- (ς) ο thou didst loose for thyself, τιθεῖο for τιθεῖσο, εἴην from ἐς-ιη-ν Old Lat. siem, ἀλήθε-ια truth from ἀληθες-ια.

a. Yet ς appears in some -μι forms (τίθεσαι, ἵστασο), and in θρασύς θαρσύς 128. ς between vowels is due to phonetic change (as ς for σς 107, πλούσιος for πλουτιος ^cross115) or to analogy (as ἔλυ_σα for ἐλυ_α, modelled on ἐδεικ-ς-α), cp. ^cross35 c.

ς usually disappears in the aorist of liquid verbs (active and middle) with lengthening of the preceding vowel ( ^cross37): ἔστειλα I sent for ἐστελ-σα, ἔφηνα I showed for ἐφαν-σα, ἐφήνατο for ἐφαν-σατο. Cp. ^cross102.

Digamma (3) has disappeared in Attic.

The following special cases are to be noted:

a. In nouns of the third declension with a stem in αυ, ευ, or ον ( ^cross43). Thus, ναῦς ship, gen. νεώς from νηϝ-ός, βασιλεύς king, gen. βασιλέως from βασιλῆϝ-ος ( ^cross34).

b. In the augment and reduplication of verbs beginning with ϝ: εἰργαζόμην I worked from ἐ-ϝεργαζομην, ἔοικα am like from ϝεϝοικα. Cp. ^cross431, ^cross443.

c. In verbs in εω for εϝω: ῥέω I flow, fut. ῥεύ-σομαι.

Some words have lost initial σϝ: ἡδύς sweet (Lat. sua (d) vis), οὗ, οἷ, ἕ him, ὅς his (Lat. suus), ἔθος custom, ἦθος character (Lat. con-suetus).

Hom. εὔαδε pleased stands for ἐϝϝαδε from ἐσϝαδε.

A smooth stop (π, τ, κ), brought before the rough breathing by elision, crasis, or in forming compounds, is made rough, becoming an aspirate (φ, θ, χ). Cp. ^cross16 a.

ἀφ' οὗ for ἀπ (ὸ) οὗ, νύχθ' ὅλην for νύκτ (α) ὅλην ( ^cross82); θἄ_τερον the other ( ^cross69), θοἰμάτιον for τὸ ἱ_μάτιον the cloak ( ^cross66); μεθί_ημι let go for μετ (ά) ἵ_ημι, αὐθά_δης selfwilled from αὐτός self and ἁδεῖν please.

a. A medial rough breathing, passing over ρ, roughens a preceding smooth stop: φρουρός watchman from προ-ὁρος, φροῦδος gone from πρό and ὁδός, τέθριππον four-horse chariot (τετρ ἵππος).

New Ionic generally leaves π, τ, κ before the rough breathing: ἀπ' οὗ, μετίημι, τοὔτερον. But in compounds (9 D.) φ, θ, χ may appear: μέθοδος method (μετά after + ὁδός way).

Two rough stops beginning successive syllables of the same word are avoided in Greek. A rough stop is changed into a smooth stop when the following syllable contains a rough stop.

a. In reduplication ( ^cross441) initial φ, θ, χ are changed to π, τ, κ. Thus, πέφευγα for φε-φευ-γα perfect of φεύγω flee, τί-θη-μι place for θι-θη-μι, κέ-χη-να for χε-χη-να perf. of χάσκω gape.

b. In the first aorist passive imperative -θι becomes -τι after -θη-, as in λύ-θη-τι for λυ-θη-θι; elsewhere -θι is retained (γνῶθι).

c. In the aorist passive, θε- and θυ- are changed to τε- and τυ- in ἐ-τέ-θην was placed (τίθημι) and ἐ-τύ-θην was sacrificed (θύ_ω).

d. From the same objection to a succession of rough stops are due ἀμπέχω ἀμπίσχω clothe for ἀμφ-, ἐκε-χειρία_ truce for ἐχε-χειρια_ (from ἔχω and χείρ).

e. The rough breathing, as an aspirate ( ^cross16 a), often disappeared when either of the two following syllables contains φ, θ, or χ. ἔχω have stands for ἔχω σεχω ( ^cross119, cp. ἔ-σχον), the rough changing to the smooth breathing before a rough stop. The rough breathing reappears in the future ἕξω. Cp. ἴσχω restrain for ἱσχω from σι-σχ-ω, ἔδεθλον foundation, but ἕδος seat, Lat. sedes.

f. In θρίξ hair, gen. sing. τριχ-ός for θριχος, dat. pl. θριξί; ταχύς swift, comparative ταχί_ων (rare) or θά_ττων (θά_σσων) from θαχι_ων ( ^cross112).

g. In ταφ- (τάφος tomb), pres. θάπ-τ-ω bury, fut. θάψω, perf. τέθαμ-μαι ( ^cross85); τρέφω nourish, fut. θρέψω, perf. τέ-θραμ-μαι; τρέχω run, fut. θρέξομαι; τρυφ- (τρυφή delicacy), pres. θρύπτω enfeeble, fut. θρύψω; τύ_φω smoke, perf. τέ-θυ_μ-μαι.

N.—The two rough stops remain unchanged in the aorist passive ἐθρέφθην was nourished, ἐθρύφθην was enfeebled, ἐφάνθην was shown forth, ὠρθώθην was set upright, ἐθέλχθην was charmed, ἐκαθάρθην was purified; in the perfect inf. πεφάνθαι, κεκαθάρθαι, τεθάφθαι; in the imperatives γράφηθι be written, στράφηθι turn about, φάθι say.

Transfer of Aspiration.—Aspiration may be transferred to a following syllable: πάσχω for παθ-σκω (cp. ^cross98).

Hdt. has ἐνθαῦτα there (ἐνταῦθα), ἐνθεῦτεν thence (ἐντεῦθεν), κιθών tunic (χιτών).

Some roots show variation between a final smooth and a rough stop; δέχομαι receive, δωροδόκος bribe-taker; ἀλείφω anoint, λίπος fat; πλέκω weave, πλοχυός braid of hair; and in the perfect, as ἦχα from ἄγω lead.

Hom. and Hdt. have αὖτις again (αὖθις), οὐκί not (οὐχί). All the dialects except Attic have δέκομαι.